Mercedes

Mercedes-Benz Cars is the world's oldest German brand name of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks owned by Daimler AG, previously Daimler-Benz (1926–1998). Mercedes-Benz Cars automobiles have introduced — both in the past and present — the majority of technological and safety features common in modern vehicles.

Origin of logo and brand
Established in 1871, Benz & Cie. was the most important of several companies founded by Karl Benz. The Benz patent motor wagon was ahead of its times; by 1886, Benz had the first four-stroke engine. Karl Benz is credited as the inventor of the first "true" automobile since Daimler's vehicle was a horse carriage adapted with an engine, whereas the 1886 Benz automobile had a chassis designed from scratch.

Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft-(DMG) was founded by Gottlieb Daimler and his partner Wilhelm Maybach in 1890. Daimler died in 1900 and Maybach left DMG in 1907. By then, Benz & Cie. and DMG were rivals. In 1924, owing to economic necessity after World War I, they entered into an "Agreement of Mutual Interest" valid until the year 2000. This initial agreement still allowed each company to manufacture and sell their products under their original brand names. After the official merger in June 28, 1926, the firm became known as Daimler-Benz.



The hyphenated brand name Mercedes-Benz was established after that merger. The brand name Daimler had been licensed for use on other automobiles in France and the United Kingdom, and was therefore not available to Daimler-Benz. Instead, the name of its seminal Mercedes model designed by Maybach over twenty years before was chosen for the DMG portion of the new brand. ("Mercedes" had been painted on a DMG vehicle used in races by a man in honor of his daughter, and became the formal name of a DMG model in 1902, see below.) Thus, Mercedes-Benz became the brand name applied to the models of one of the new firm. Because of its eponymous tie to Karl Benz and his early vehicles, Mercedes-Benz is also the name of the world's oldest continuously produced automobile line.

As part of the 1926 merger, a new logo was created that would include a symbol for each and integrate the names of the two former companies. A three-pointed star had been designed by Gottlieb Daimler, to show the ability of his motors for land, air, and sea use. This star first appeared on a DMG model in 1909, so it was chosen for the new logo. The traditional laurel wreath symbol used by Karl Benz was added along with his name to complete the new logo. The logo with a plain ring, as seen today, was not used until 1937.

In 1998, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler agreed to combine their businesses — promoted as the "merger of equals" — and the new entity was named DaimlerChrysler AG. However, this was actually when Daimler-Benz bought out Chrysler.

On May 14, 2007, the separation of Daimler AG and Chrysler LLC was announced. Selling Chrysler has been seen as a positive move for Daimler by its shareholders, who hope that the separation will allow Daimler's car brand Mercedes-Benz to be free to do what it does best without having the distractions of its heavily unprofitable U.S. partner Chrysler. However, Daimler retains a 20 per cent minority stake in Chrysler.

he origins of the Daimler-Benz company founded through a merger in 1926 date back to the mid-1880s, when Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900) working with Wilhelm Maybach (1846–1929), and Karl Benz (1844–1929) independently invented the internal combustion engine-powered automobile, in southwestern Germany. Although they were merely sixty miles apart, these pioneers were unaware of each other's early work.

Karl Benz had his shop in Mannheim where he invented "the world's first true automobile powered by an internal combustion engine" in 1885. It had three wheels. He was granted a patent for his vehicle dated January 29, 1886, for what he called the "Benz Patent Motorwagen." Among many inventions, Benz patented his first engine in 1879, a high-speed single-cylinder four-stroke engine of his own design which he included in his "integral" design for the Motorwagen patent application.

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and design partner Wilhelm Maybach, working in Cannstatt, Stuttgart, were granted a patent dated August 29, 1885 for what is generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine, that they named the "grandfather clock engine."

On March 8, 1886, Daimler purchased a stagecoach made by Wilhelm Wimpff & Sohn and he and Maybach adapted it to hold this engine, thereby creating a four-wheeled carriage propelled by an engine, as many had before them. The only distinction about this carriage was that it carried an internal combustion engine. None of many similar attempts to adapt carts, boats, or carriages, in many countries, were propelled by this type of engine. On the official history pages of the Mercedes-Benz Internet site it is referred to as "a carriage — without a drawbar but with the conventional drawbar steering. A carriage without horses..." Daimler and Maybach later purposely built, from scratch, the first four-stroke engine powered automobile with four wheels in 1889. They founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, DMG, in 1890 and sold their first automobile in 1892.

Stationary engines were his major business and he invented many improvements to them and their application, but Karl Benz continued to refine his Motorwagen through several models and sold his first automobile in 1888. He built his first four-wheeled model in 1891. Benz & Cie, the company started by the inventor, became not only the world's first, but also largest manufacturer of automobiles by 1900.

In 1899, DMG automobiles built at Untertürkheim (a city district of Stuttgart) were raced successfully by Emil Jellinek (1853-1918), an automobile enthusiast and dealer. He had the name of his daughter, Mercedes, painted on the automobiles for good luck. Wanting faster race cars, it was Jellinek who spurred the development of the seminal 1902 DMG model that would be the first of the DMG Mercedes series, bearing the name of his daughter.

After suggesting some design specifications, he promised to purchase thirty-six of the new DMG model if Maybach would name the new 35-hp engine contained in it, the Daimler-Mercedes engine. A contract of five hundred and fifty thousand marks was made for these new models. Within weeks he contracted for thirty-six of another DMG model with 8-hp engines. He was granted an exclusive concession to sell the new DMG automobiles in Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium, and USA.

That new model later would be named "Mercedes 35 hp" (in 1902) and it was a very important advance in automobile design. The contract called for delivery of the first automobile to Jellinek in the Fall, but it did not reach him until December 22, 1900. He became obsessed with the name Mercedes and even had his name changed to Jellinek-Mercedes. Jellinek was invited to sit on the DMG board of directors, which he did from 1901 until 1909, when he retired from automotive activities in favor of diplomatic appointments.

The name change also was helpful in preventing legal troubles, because after the death of Daimler, DMG had sold exclusive rights to the name, Daimler, and technical concepts to companies abroad. As a result, luxury automobiles branded Daimler were, and still are, built in England. A fire that gutted the old Steinway piano factory in New York, which had been converted to produce the new Mercedes models, cut short the dream of American production.

The rival companies of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) and Benz & Cie. started to cooperate in 1924, due to necessity arising from a troubled German economy after World War I, and finally merged in 1926 to become Daimler-Benz AG, which produced Mercedes-Benz automobiles and trucks. The merger agreement established that the two companies were required to remain together until 2000. While focusing on land vehicles, Mercedes-Benz also built engines to power boats and airplanes (military and civil), and even Zeppelins. Karl Benz died in 1929.

Hitler's Personal Armored 1943 Mercedes Limousine

Although the brand is most famous for limousine models, a significant number of notable sports cars have also been produced. For example, the early supercharged SSK developed by Ferdinand Porsche.

1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL Gullwing Coupe from the Ralph Lauren collection

Another distinctive model was the iconic 300SL Gullwing of 1954; that was suggested by Max Hoffman, explicitly for the USA market, and introduced at the New York Automobile Show.

Mercedes-Benz has also produced higher volume, less expensive cars. Interestingly, the prototypes of the Volkswagen were built and tested in Stuttgart, in cooperation with Porsche. Before that, Mercedes-Benz had a similar rear-engined, yet rather unsuccessful, small car, the 130 H. In recent years Mercedes have produced the A-Class, relatively inexpensive compared to its other models. Also the Smart brand of small affordable automobiles has been part of the Mercedes-Benz Group since 1994 and are still producing cars today in conjunction with DaimlerChrysler AG.

The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories- both had entries in the very first automobile race Paris to Rouen 1894. This has continued, and throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sportscar racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300SLR collided with another car and killed more than eighty spectators. Although there was some activity in the inteverning years, it was not until the late 1980s that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to LeMans and sportscar racing with Sauber.

This long absence inspired by the disaster is understandable considering that Mercedes-Benz is viewed by many to be the world's safety leader due to their dominant contribution to automotive safety as well as licensing their safety innovations for use by their competitors, placing family safety above profit and competitive advantage.

The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase engine builder Ilmor, and campaign cars at the famed Indy 500 race under the USAC/CART rules, eventually winning that race with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 90's also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, which took the company to new heights (both figuratively) by dominating the FIA's GT1 class and (literally) by notably taking flight at the end of a long straight at La Sarthe.

Mercedes-Benz is currently active in three forms of motorsport, Formula Three, DTM and Formula One. In Formula One, the company part owns Team McLaren and has supplied the team with engines since 1995. This partnership has brought great success, including back to back Drivers Championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999 and a Constructors championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren has been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren.

Studebaker-Packard Corporation

In 1958 Mercedes-Benz entered into a distribution agreement with the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (USA), makers of Studebaker and Packard brand automobiles. Under the deal, Studebaker would allow Mercedes-Benz access to their U.S. dealer network, handle shipments of vehicles to those dealers, and in return receive compensation for each car sold. Studebaker also was permitted to use the German automaker’s name in its advertisements, which stressed Studebaker's quality over quantity.

When Studebaker entered into informal discussions with Franco-American automaker Facel Vega about offering their Facel Vega Excellence model in the United States, Mercedes-Benz objected to the proposal. Studebaker, which needed Mercedes-Benz distribution payments to help stem heavy losses, dropped further action on the plan.

Mercedes-Benz maintained an office within the Studebaker works in South Bend from 1958 to 1963 when Studebaker's U.S. operations ceased. Many U.S Studebaker dealers converted to Mercedes-Benz dealerships at that time. When Studebaker closed its Canadian operation and left the automobile business in 1966, remaining Studebaker dealers had the option to convert their dealerships to Mercedes-Benz dealership agreements.

McLaren cars

Mercedes-Benz has also produced a supercar with McLaren Cars, an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One racing team, which is part owned by Mercedes. Many anticipate there to be a range of McLaren--Mercedes supercars produced in Woking (McLaren’s manufacturing headquarters). The 2003 Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren has a carbon-fiber body with a 5.5l V8 supercharged engine. This is the same block as featured in other Mercedes-Benz automobiles, such as the SL55 AMG and the CLS55 AMG, it has however been tweaked to give 460kw and 780nm of torque. The SLR has a maximum speed of 334km/h and costs approximately US$500,000.

The most recent new joint-venture model, expected to reach production, is the mid-engine P8 supercar. Based around a unique carbon fiber monocoque, manufactured by McLaren, the P8 was originally predicted to receive the new naturally aspirated 6.3L V8 from Mercedes-AMG, but insiders now say that the engine will be modified for the car and will probably be twin- turbocharged to produce in excess of 600 bhp. The car is still in development, but likely to reach production to go on sale in early 2008, and have a price tag less than that of the SLR.

Car nomenclature

In 1994 (starting with the 1994 models), the traditional nomenclature of Mercedes-Benz vehicles changed. Since the early days of the company the name would be in the form of 500E where the engine displacement made up the first three numbers and the last letter(s) represented the type of engine and/or chassis; for example: "E" for fuel injection ("Einspritzung" in German), "D" for Diesel, "L" for long wheelbase etc.

In 1994, this was altered so that the prefix reflected the model ("class", German "Klasse", in Mercedes-Benz terminology) and a number the displacement. The suffix was retained in some cases, for example "L" for long wheelbase, and "CDI" for Diesel (CDI = Common rail Direct Injection). Thus, the 500E in the example above became the E500 ("E-Klasse", 5 liters displacement). It should also be noted that while in the past the model number generally accurately reflected the actual engine displacement, this is currently not always the case - for example the E200 CDI and E220 CDI actually both have a 2.2 liter displacement, and the C240 actually has a 2.6 litre engine. Also, there is a huge difference in power (and price) between some cars with the same engine number, such as C55 and SL55.

Mercedes-Benz also produces buses, mainly for Europe and Asia. The first factory to be built outside of Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built Truck-Buses, named Colectivo in Buenos Aires, Argentina (1950-1987), but now builds buses.

Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans. The current range consists of
Mercedes-Benz Vito — Light Van based on the Viano MPV with loaded weight of approx 1 tonne
Mercedes-Benz Sprinter — Mid-sized van with loaded weights of 2 to 6 tonne (produced as a Dodge in USA and Canada with the name Freightliner Sprinter. A joint venture.)
Sprinter 414 416CDI ambulance
Sprinter 316CDI light ambulance
Mercedes-Benz Vario — Heavy van with similar load to a light truck (7.5 tonne)

Previous models include
Mercedes-Benz TN or T1 - Mid Sized van predecessor to the sprinter
Mercedes-Benz T2 - Heavy Van

ercedes-Benz is the world's largest manufacturer of trucks

The current range consists of
Mercedes-Benz Atego — Light truck from 7 to 16t
Mercedes-Benz Axor — Mid-sized truck from 18 to 26t in rigid and articulated
Mercedes-Benz Actros — Heavy duty rigid and premium articulated — 18 to 50t
Mercedes-Benz Econic — Low floor version of the Axor for refuse and specialist applications
Mercedes-Benz Unimog — For special purpose applications and transport across extreme terrain
1828L (F581) Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre
1517L Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre

Hybrid vehicles

At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car which combined hybrid drive with the innovative DiesOtto engine.

Tuners

Mercedes-Benz automobiles are very popular among performance-oriented buyers, and several companies have become tuners/modifiers of these cars, adding even more performance and luxury to the brand.
AMG is Mercedes-Benz's performance-tuning division, specializing in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are hand-built and the completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been fully-owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999.

Robot Cars

In the 1980s Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr Universität München. Partially encouraged by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly 800 million Euros. A culmination point was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns´ re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark and back. On highways the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 kilometres per hour (roughly 110 miles per hour; there is no general speed limit on the German Autobahn). The car's abilities left a big impression on many observers, and heavily influenced robot car research and funding decisions world-wide.

Bicycles

Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced 3 new bicycles in 2005, named Automatic Bike, Fitness Bike, Mountain Bike. The bikes are sold in Australia, Germany, Russia.

Innovations

The "Safety cage" or "Safety cell" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by Mercedes-Benz in 1951.

Anti-lock brakes (ABS), traction control and airbags in the European market, were all Mercedes-Benz innovations. These technologies were introduced in 1978, 1986 and 1980 respectively. In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first 7-speed automatic transmission called '7G-TRONIC'.

Mercedes-Benz's PRE-SAFE uses radar to detect an imminent crash and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seatbelt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position.



Mercedes Benz is in the process of pioneering a fatigue-detection system that warns the driver when they are displaying signs of micro-sleep (when the eyes stay closed for slightly longer than a natural blinking action). The system will use a variety of data including the individual driving style, the duration of the journey, the time of day and the current traffic situation. Fatigue mostly sets in gradually.

The fastest (production) automatic road car in the world is the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren at 334 km/h (208 mph). The car was co-developed by DaimlerChrysler and McLaren Cars. The fastest street-legal saloon car in the world is the Mercedes-Benz BRABUS (tuned) W211 'E V12' - based on the E-Class saloon.

Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had a reputation for quality and durability. Increased focus on costs and volume, and the increased complexity in modern automobile electronics led to falling quality in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By 2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality (if the "complexity" variable was ignored), according to J.D. Power. In J.D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing to 4th place, surpassing quality leader Toyota and earning several awards for its models.

KFC

KFC, also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky, known mainly for its fried chicken. Since 2002 KFC has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc.
The company was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders in.] 1952, with the abbreviated form of its name adopted in 1991.Starting in April 2007, the company began using its original appellation of Kentucky Fried Chicken againfor its signage, packaging and advertisements in the United States as part of a new corporate re-branding program;newer and remodeled restaurants will have the new logo and name while older stores will continue to use the 1991 signage. Additionally, the company continues to use the abbreviation KFC freely in its advertising. Internationally the company is still known as KFC.




The popularity and novelty of KFC has led to the general formula of the fried chicken fast-food restaurant being copied by restaurant owners worldwide.

Born and raised in Henryville, Indiana, Sanders passed through several professions in his lifetime. Sanders first served his fried chicken in 1930 in the midst of the Great Depression at a gas station he owned in North Corbin, Kentucky. The dining area was named "Sanders Court & Café" and was so successful that in 1936 Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon granted Sanders the title of honorary Kentucky Colonel, in recognition of his contribution to the state's cuisine. The following year Sanders expanded his restaurant to 142 seats, and added a motel he bought across the street. When Sanders prepared his chicken in his original restaurant in North Corbin, he prepared the chicken in an iron skillet, which took about 30 minutes to do, too long for a restaurant operation. In 1939, Sanders altered the cooking process for his fried chicken to use a pressure fryer, resulting in a greatly reduced cooking time comparable to that of deep frying. In 1940 Sanders devised what came to be known as his Original Recipe.

The Sanders Court & Café generally served travelers, often those headed to Florida, so when the route planned in the 1950s for what would become Interstate 75 bypassed Corbin, he sold his properties and traveled the U.S. to sell his chicken to restaurant owners. Sanders entered into franchise agreements paying him five cents for each piece of chicken sold. The first to take him up on the offer was Pete Harman in South Salt Lake, Utah; together, they opened the first "Kentucky Fried Chicken" outlet in 1952. By the early 1960's Kentucky Fried Chicken was sold in over 600 franchised outlets in both the United States and Canada. One of the longest-lived franchisees of the older Col. Sanders' chicken concept, as opposed to the KFC chain, was the Kenny Kings chain. The company owned many Northern Ohio diner-style restaurants, the last of which closed in 2004. Sanders sold the entire KFC franchising operation in 1964 for $2 million USD ($10.2 million adjusted for inflation). Since that time, the chain has been sold three more times, most recently to PepsiCo, which made it part of its Tricon Global Restaurants division, which in turn was spun off in 1997, and has now been renamed to Yum! Brands. Additionally, Colonel Sanders' nephew, Lee Cummings, took his own Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises (and a chicken recipe of his own) and converted them to his own "spin-off" restaurant chain, Lee's Famous Recipe Chicken.

Today, some of the older KFC restaurants have become famous in their own right. One such restaurant is located in Marietta, Georgia. This store is notable for a 56-foot tall sign that looks like a chicken. The sign, known locally as the Big Chicken, was built for an earlier fast-food restaurant on the site called Johnny Reb's Chick, Chuck and Shake. It is often used as a travel reference point in the Atlanta area by locals and pilots.



KFC's specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFC's primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken made with one of two types of breading: original recipe or extra crispy.

KFC has two lines of sandwiches: its "regular" chicken sandwiches and its Snackers line. The regular sandwiches are served on either a sesame seed or corn dusted roll and are made from either whole breast fillets (fried or roasted), chopped chicken in a sauce or fried chicken strips. The Snackers line are value priced items that consist of chicken strips and various toppings. They also sell several types of wraps.

A variety of smaller finger food products are available at KFC including chicken strips, chicken wings and popcorn chicken. These products can be ordered plain or with various sauces, including several types of barbecue sauces and buffalo sauce.

Several pies have been made available from KFC. The Pot Pie is a savory pie made with chicken, gravy and vegetables. In the second quarter of 2006, KFC introduced its variation on Shepherd's pie called the Famous Bowl. Served in a plastic bowl, it is layered with mashed potatoes or rice, gravy, corn, popcorn chicken, and cheese. The bowl had been available at KFC's special test market store in Louisville since the third quarter of 2005.
In some international locations, KFC may sell hamburgers, pork ribs or fish. In the US, KFC began offering the Fish Snacker sandwich during Lent in 2006. The Fish Snacker consists of a rectangular patty of Alaskan Pollock on a small bun, and is the fifth KFC menu item in the Snacker category.

Three types of salads are available at KFC, topped with roasted or fried chicken.

Other than fried chicken, many KFC restaurants serve side dishes like coleslaw, various potato-based items (including potato wedges, french fries and mashed potatoes with gravy), biscuits, baked beans, macaroni and cheese, rice, steamed vegetables and corn on the cob.

Some menu items are innovations in regional stores. The Singaporean management, for example, introduced the Colonel Burger in 1977, the Hot & Crispy Chicken in 1990, and the Zinger burger in 1993.

Discontinued products
The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold- This product was introduced in the 1990s as a response to the Boston Market chain's roasted chicken products, and a healthier mindset of the general public avoiding fried food. Purportedly made from a "lost" Col. Sanders recipe, it was sold as a whole roaster or a half bird.
Tender Roast Chicken- This product was an off-shoot of 'The Colonel's Rotisserie Gold'. Instead of whole and half birds, customers were given quarter roasted chicken pieces. For a time, customers could request chicken "original", "Extra Tasty Crispy", or "Tender Roast".
Chicken Little sandwich- a value oriented sandwich that sold for $1.00 (USD) in the US during the late 1980s. It was a small chicken patty with mayonnaise on a small roll, similar to White Castle's mini chicken sandwich.
Extra Tasty Crispy (ETC) Chicken- Much like the Extra Crispy served today, except ETC was prepared using chicken that had been soaking for at least a day in special marinade. There is some speculation that the marinade may have been made with trans-fats, and KFC boasts to no longer use trans-fats in their chicken. In the summer of 2007, KFC started marketing the chicken just as "Extra Crispy" without the marinade.

Nutritional value

KFC formerly used partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of making it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about trans fat content immediately before they buy food.

In October 2006, KFC announced that it would begin frying its chicken in trans fat-free oil. This would also apply to their potato wedges and other fried foods, however, the biscuits, macaroni and cheese, and mashed potatoes would still contain trans fat. Trans fat-free soybean oil was introduced in all KFC restaurants in the US by 30 April 2007. CSPI announced that it would immediately drop its lawsuit against KFC and was hopeful that this would create a ripple effect on other restaurants or fast food chains that prepare food rich in trans fat. "If KFC, which deep-fries almost everything, can get the artificial trans fat out of its frying oil, anyone can," CSPI Executive Director Michael Jacobson said in a statement.

According to the nutritional information provided on KFC's own website, the ingredients for KFC Original Recipe Chicken are: Fresh chicken marinated with: salt, sodium phosphate and monosodium glutamate, and breaded with: wheat flour, sodium chloride and anti-caking agent (tricalcium phosphate), nonfat dry milk, dried egg whites and the Colonel's Secret Original Recipe Seasoning.

The Colonel's "secret recipe" of 11 herbs and spices is marketed as one of the best-kept trade secrets. The company's Web site describes the security protocol that protects the recipe as follows:
The original handwritten recipe is purportedly locked in a vault in Louisville, Kentucky.
Two separate suppliers of seasonings each provide only parts of the recipe, and do not know each other's identity.
The spices are then later blended by machine at KFC's own commissaries, both to ensure standardization and to ensure that neither company has the complete recipe.
The few people who do know the recipe are subject to a strict confidentiality agreement.

As with the secret Coca-Cola formula, the stories surrounding the recipe for KFC also serve a marketing purpose, with the company playing heavily on the mystery surrounding The Colonel's secret recipe.

FC implies that its chicken's distinctive taste is influenced by the pressure frying technique. On his Food Network show Good Eats, Alton Brown stated that the pressure fryer shortens the cooking time but neither adds any special flavor to the chicken nor adversely affects the flavor.

In 1983, writer William Poundstone tackled the recipe in his book Big Secrets. He reviewed Sanders' patent application, and advertised in college newspapers for present or former employees willing to share their knowledge. From the former he deduced that Sanders had diverged from other common fried-chicken recipes by varying the amount of oil used with the amount of chicken being cooked, and starting the cooking at a higher temperature (about 400°F, 200°C) for the first minute or so and then lowering it to 250°F (120°C) for the remainder of the cooking time. Several of Poundstone's contacts also provided samples of the seasoning mix, and a food lab found that it consisted solely of sugar, flour, salt, black pepper and monosodium glutamate (MSG). He concluded that it was entirely possible that, in the years since Sanders sold the chain, later owners had begun skimping on the recipe to save costs.



Environmental concerns

KFC has been accused of a large destruction of the Amazon rain forest, because the supply of soy used for chicken food KFC receives from Cargill has been traced back to the European KFC. Cargill has reportedly been exporting soy illegally for several years. The Greenpeace organization researched the issue and brought it to the attention of the parent company YUM! Brands, Inc. The parent company denied the illegal operation, and said that their supply of soy is grown in parts of Brazil. Greenpeace has called on KFC to stop purchasing soy from Cargill, to avoid contributing to the destruction of the Amazon.
rademark disputes

In 1971, Sanders sued Heublein Inc., KFC's parent company at the time, over the alleged misuse of his image in promoting products he had not helped develop. In 1975, Heublein Inc. unsuccessfully sued Sanders for libel after he publicly referred to their gravy as "sludge" with a "wallpaper taste".
Wages and working conditions

Like many fast food outlets, KFC employs a high proportion of young, unskilled workers, at or just above minimum wage, and its workers are not unionized. In New Zealand, KFC youth workers earn NZ$10.13 an hour. Staff at the Balmoral, Auckland store went on strike for two hours on December 3, 2005 after Restaurant Brands, the franchise holder, offered no wage increase in contract negotiations. In March of 2006, Restaurant Brands agreed to phase out youth rates in New Zealand, although no date was set.

Many stores in western Canada are unionized with the Canadian Auto Workers, and as a result many non-franchise stores in western Canada pay higher than minimum wage. In British Columbia, where minimum wage is $7.25 - 8 an hour, KFC employees make between $10 and $11 an hour.

Animal rights

Since 2003, animal rights and welfare organizations, led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), have been protesting KFC’s treatment of the animals used for its products. These groups claim that the recommendations of the KFC Animal Welfare Advisory Council have been ignored. Adele Douglass, a former member of the council, said in an SEC filing reported on by the Chicago Times, that KFC "never had any meetings. They never asked any advice, and then they touted to the press that they had this animal-welfare advisory committee. I felt like I was being used."

KFC's responded by saying the chickens used in its products are bought from suppliers like Perdue Farms, Tyson Foods, and Pilgrim's Pride, and that these suppliers are routinely monitored for animal welfare violations. Several PETA undercover investigations and videos of these and other KFC suppliers purport to show chickens being beaten, ripped apart and thrown against walls which contradict KFC’s claims. There have been more than 12,000 demonstrations at KFC outlets since 2003 because of this alleged mistreatment of chickens by KFC suppliers.



Urban legends

Urban legends about KFC's rebranding from Kentucky Fried Chicken include the notion that the Commonwealth of Kentucky planned legal action against the chain due to a trademark on "Kentucky", and an assertion that KFC had been prevented from declaring their products to be made from chicken due to using genetically modified animals without feathers, beaks, or feet, which were easier to harvest. Both such tales have been debunked.

Early television advertisements for KFC regularly featured Colonel Sanders licking his fingers and talking to the viewer about his secret recipe and the importance of a family joining one another for a meal. Despite his death in 1980, this angle was quite common through the 1980s and up until the early-mid 1990s.

Throughout the mid 1980s, KFC called on Will Vinton Studios to produce a series of humorous, claymation ads. These most often featured a cartoon-like chicken illustrating the poor food quality of competing food chains, mentioning prolonged freezing and other negative aspects.

In the 80s, KFC was an associate sponsor for Junior Johnson's NASCAR Winston Cup Series cars, with such drivers as Darrell Waltrip, Neil Bonnett, and Terry Labonte.
In 1997 KFC briefly re-entered the NASCAR Winston Cup Series as sponsor of the #26 Darrell Waltrip Motorsports Chevrolet with driver Rich Bickle at the Brickyard 400.
By the late 1990s, the stylized likeness of Colonel Sanders as the KFC logo had been modified. KFC ads began featuring an animated version of "the Colonel" with a lively and enthusiastic attitude. He would often start out saying "The Colonel here!" and moved across the screen with a cane in hand. The Colonel was often shown dancing, singing, and knocking on the TV screen as he spoke to the viewer about the product.

The animated Colonel is uncommon today. Still using a humorous slant, the current KFC campaign revolves mostly around customers enjoying the food. It also features a modified version of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" as the theme song for practically all its commercials, though the restaurant hails from Kentucky.

In 2006, KFC claimed to have made the first logo visible from outer space, though Readymix has had one since 1965. KFC says "[It] marked the official debut of a massive global re-image campaign that will contemporize 14,000-plus KFC restaurants in over 80 countries over the next few years." The logo was built from 65,000 one-foot-square tiles, and it took six days on site to construct in early November. The logo measured a record-breaking 87,500 square feet (8,129 m²), and was placed in the Mojave Desert near Rachel, Nevada.

A co-branded Taco Bell and KFC

The chain has also advertised in video games. The Dreamcast game Crazy Taxi, has a KFC as a destination for patrons.

There are many KFC locations either adjacent to or co-extant with another (or several other) Yum! Brands restaurants, those being Long John Silvers, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and A&W Restaurants. Many of these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering a single menu with food items from both restaurants.

Canada

In French-speaking Quebec, KFC is known as PFK (Poulet Frit Kentucky). This was originally necessary because of Quebec's prohibition on commercial signs in languages other than French; in the early 1990s, these regulations were relaxed to allow national chains to use their familiar name in Quebec, but KFC/PFK continues to be one of the few non-Quebec companies to use a French name in the province. This is one of the few instances in which the KFC initialism is changed for the local language; even in France itself, the chain is called KFC.

China

KFC is known as 肯德基炸鸡 (pinyin: Ken de ji fried chicken) in China.

It opened its first store in Qianmen Beijing, the capital city in 1987. In 2007, it has over 1800 restaurants in 402 cities in all mainland China's provinces other than Tibet. From 2000 to 2005, it was selected as the "Best chain store brand." In 2005, it was given the "Chinese special permit award."

KFC is the most popular Western fast-food chain in the People's Republic of China. Local menu items include egg tarts, and lotus root salad. KFC in China also serves other poultry in addition to chicken.

Japan

A life size statue of the Colonel stands in front of most stores in Japan. Fried chicken is an especially popular dish at Christmas time and on Christmas Eve many families (who have made reservations weeks in advance), have their traditional Christmas dinner of Kentucky Fried Chicken at home. KFC is so prevalent in Japan that many Japanese unknowingly consider it to be a Japanese company.

Islamic countries

Most KFC stores located in predominantly Islamic countries prepare foods in accordance with halal guidelines.




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Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy

I. Introduction: common definition PS, dividing, purposes.
II. Information on basic psychotherapeutic directions (A) and methods (B).
III. Special part: psychotherapy near of the chief mental disorders.




I. Introduction: common definition, dividing, purposes:

Psychotherapy (PS) is medical impingement upon illness, disorder or anomaly psychological resources. Erosion activities is able to concern mental suits and personalities or physical suits and organ function. Can be business contingent how psychogonical, so and somatogenne. To psychological agents then belongs to above all word, but also mimicry or silence, emotivity and emotive terms, teaching, handling environment et al..

In proportion as at length conceive range psychological agents, we can distinguish PS in wider and narrower sense. PS in wider sense will cover up extensive possibilities incidence external environment. TS in narrower sense entails diaclasia and purposeful incidence psychotherapeutic on inmate in therapeutic relation or in a group.

According to of what is- if incidence therapist bent per head or more inmates at the same time, talk of PS particular or collective (teamwise collective and associated PS). At PS directive functions therapist on inmate direct regimentation his thinking, postures and behaviour, in no directive PS is rather calorifier with neutral posture (extreme hmm therapy). PS endeictic survey on diseased symptom, PS causal try find out and remove cause. PS adjuvantni is superficial, without deeper analyses, PS systematic is building goal - directed therapeutic plan and thoroughly, often in the long term him accomplishs. Psychoanalysts divide PS on uncovering, i. e. deep mine analysisthat the yields on surface subdued material from subconsciousness and on PS whitewashing, to niz belongs to all other sorts PS. According to supposed effective factors it is possible at last PS divide in rational, suggestive, abreaktivni, bullpen, depth psychological and interpersonal.




Purposes PS

and) aim PS be out diseased symptoms. Inmate is coming with certain troubles, imposition therapist is, to him these difficulty bereft, no matter what already progress endeictic or perfect therapy causal, removing cause.

b) aim PS is reedukace, re - - socialization, reorganization, restrukturace or integration inmate personalities. Personality reforms in direction correct adaptation or in direction ageing and realization his mission. Analyze with e.g . intrapsychicke conflicts, trace morbid fixation libido or morbid stereotypes in interpersonal relations, make an effort about correction postures.



II. Information on basic psychotherapeutic directions and methods.


A) psychotherapeutic directions:

1) Freudova deep psychology.

Best known school deep mine psychology is deep psychology, psychological theory and therapeutic method created native from knife and fork on Moravia, Sigmundem Freudem (1856 1938), which most his life pass in Vienna. Depth psychological mock - up personalities supposes existence tri substructures, so - called Id, ego and Superego. Id (it) labels biological instinct and needs individual, ego (I) his conscious rational function and Superego (above - I) develop social, aesthetic, religious and moral specification.
Major role in motivation behaviour ascribes Freud instinctive powers marked Greek names Eros (libido, instinct loves, sexual instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, destructive instinct). Development libido in ontogenezi goes through five phases, named after dominant erotogenic region (oral, anal, phallic, dormancy, genital). Unsatisfactory pass some of the early phase is able to cause character abnormalities in adulthood. Origin neurotic disorders (so - called Psycho - neurosis) Freud sees in inner conflicts among libidoznimi tendencies orient from unconscious, i. e. from the areas mental life individualthat the brush off except field his attention and out of reach his knowledgeable knowledge and controlling function sense of. Behind usual conditions averting mental censorship penetration uneasy, improper and degrading wish to the sense of. Libidinous energy is transformed in comme in faul activities (so - called sublimation). If there are controlling function sense of weak and instinctive tendency apart strong, approve oneself devious behaviour. If there are controlling function sense of also strong, displaces unacceptable calling to the unconscious or them at all will forbid go into a place sense of. Rises inner conflict guided anxiety and manifested like neurotic symptoms. Neurotic appearances are reminder crushing experiences, guided intrapsychickymi conflicts and injection instinctive energy and odehravajicich especially in early periods inmate personal anamneses. Causal therapy disturbances rests in detection unsuspected pathogenic experience in pacientove pasts, in his again - pass and translation below verification sense of. Initially Freud have been using to call age regression and equipment pathogenic experience hypnotism. Later fecit original method free association. At those therapy will take ill relaxed position and leave about its sense of freely flow notionsthat the conveies therapist, neither would excreted indecent and nonsensical cogitations. Psychoanalyst listens and registers so - called resistance, i. e. pause, sudden change of direction association etc . Resistance signals approximation source intrapsychickeho conflict. Beside analyses resistance works therapist with analysis so - called mistaken achievements, i. e. errors, nonfeasance, slip of the tongue and moonshine, in nichz are subdued ignorant wish realized in symbolic form. During treatment rises so - called transmission, high - powered positive or negative emotional attitude inmate to therapist, that is of analogy and repetition relation to other significant person in pacientove personal life. Imposition analytics is clear up ill essence transmission, enable through his mediation correction relation to original person and temporary carrier relation cancel. Deep psychology is very time - consuming and lasts usually several years.

2) Adlerova particular psychology.

Freuduv pupil and critic, Austrian doctor Alfred Adler (1870 1937) is creator so - called particular psychology. Major influence over life man ascribes contents his unconscious – so - called need themselves - exercise and drive for power.
Stresses meaning of what how are these needs in childhood fill in terms of concrete so - called family constellation, i. e. position child in a row siblings. Deprivace needs at an early age leads to inferiority. Has- if person sufficient number courage, stimulates she inferiority to compensation or hyperkompenzaci poverty of. Absent courage leads to neurosisthat the individual protect from get personal nedostacivosti. Is then flight to the diseases vindicative his malfunctioning. Therapy neuroses rests in analysis family constellation and career, style of life, postures and plans ill. Therapist asks, that would switched, if he were inmate well. Faces ill hereto, to surrender to advantagesthat the him illness bears, to switched style of life and bearings and received life plan corresponding his abilities and conditions. Supplies ill courage solve life problems.

3) Jungova analytical psychology.

Next Freuduv pupil and critic, Swiss psychiatrist C.G. Jung (1875 1961) enrich analytical theory about conception collective unconscious. Its contents forms so - called archetypy, oldest and typical experience mankind, motives iterative in tolls and religious images nations of all land and time (e.g . image vindicatory father). Rootage mental dysopsia Jung in conflict among straddle and to the unconscious displace crushing experiences and sense of. These ignorant and wounding contents strong affectionate bullet give a name complexs. To their detection uses so - called association experiment and registration Psycho - galvanic reaction to stimuli words. Straddle inner conflicts led to regression on level archetypickeho behaviour, representative sort of mental atavizmus. In pathogenesis neuroses and schizophrenia isn't substantial difference. Jung like one of the first pay attention to psychotherapy schizophrenia. His psychotherapeutic method generally rests in analysis association, moonshine and fancy and in reading their sense in the context situation in life ill, receiving reading inmate and solving ezposed problems.

4) dynamic psychotherapy (neoanalyza, cultural
deep psychology).

Derives its rise from deep psychology, but compared to her unilateral biologizujicimu and sexualizujicimu conception moved emphasis on social factors and on current data issues in interpersonal relations. Inquire into these interpersonal terms and current data conflicts inmate, in nichz it is possible often disclose incidence maladaptivniho social behaviour illthat the herewith conflicts together - forms, deteriorates or repeats. Such behaviour not unfrequently bears with his last experiences, be reflected he former (basal) conflicts, frustration and traumatic experiences. Dynamic psychotherapy wants assist in inmate, to understand his concern in regurgitating problems and connections among contemporary inadaptable behaviour, posture or get and significant last experiences. Heads for achievement opinion, to pass emotive corrective experience, revision new behaviour on the basis repaied postures and achievement successful social adaptation. To pioneers hereof access belongs to especially to. Horneyova,
H. Sullivan, E. Fromm and F. Alexander, to advancement redounded his interpersonal diagnostics and T. Leary and creative evolution associated engineer and J. Moreno, J. Masserman and
L. Wolberg.


5) pathogenous psychotherapy.

Her founder is v.N. Mjasiscev and developed length him sankpeterburska school. Start from conception personalities like system relations. Relation is actively elect bunch individual with his external environment. Includes connection subject with objective world from basic reflective and instinctive response after as much as higher ideological determinancy behaviour, to which belongs to views, conviction and attitude towards values. To relations belongs to also emotion intent on outer objects. Personality is dynamic system, that is of totality subjectively significant and choice relations man, on whose molding man actively partake. Neurosis rises after Mjasisceva at that time, when man will pass Psycho - traumatic experiences and thereat isn't on the basis his personage feature capable resolve conflictthat the of them follow. Causes neurotic disorders aren't in external event, but at that, how individual gets, which is together - contingent his personality. Get coming - out from relation to surroundings and diseased get follow on disorders these relations.

6) Rogersovska psychotherapy.

Access created and evolve C. Rogersem (therapy intent on client – client- centered therapy or therapy talk – Gesprachspsychotherapie) start from client and goads his independent development, instead of to at him survey interpretativni or streamlining incidence. Is therapy intimate open talk, at nemz therapist vcituje to the client, in extenso him respects, fuels the his open themselves - manifestation and at the same time and alone is able to authentically disply manifest his personal feelings. By one of significant motivational factors near man is according to Rogerse tendency towards themselves - pursuance. S neurotic development bears rise negative themselves - evaluationthat the client also learn second - hand. His image about himself is given to the variance with the idea about it, what should and wanted be. Imposition therapy is make way going options in client. It is necessary create favourable safe atmosphere, in which client is able to pay thorough themselves - exploration, to profess in his needs and wishs.

7) Pavlovovska psychotherapy.

Loll against philosophy teaching I.P. Pavlova about physiology higher nervous activities. Experimental work on dogs showed, that the under certain condition rise near experimental animals bebehavioral disturbance anologous human neurosis. Neuroses according to Pavlova rise:
and) overstrain of the process excitation
b) overstrain of the process inhibition
c) overstrain volubility of both suits, their collision.
Neuroses develop depending on type higher nervous activities, that is of dynamic set basic feature nervous suits inborn and gained during particular development. Propensity to neurosis have type weak (melancholic) and type strong unbalanced (choleric). To molding symptoms and forms neuroses has decisive meaning specific human type higher nervous activities given to mutual relation two signal systems.
Pavlovovska psychotherapy virtually derive benefit from piece of knowledge about production and extinction contingent reflexs, about inhibition, irradiation, inductance, phasic states and about influence second signal system.
O her development mostly deserved psychiatrist to.I. Platonov. In his conception is speech powerful complex contingent instigation second signal system and at the same time powerful social factor. Ventilation, conviction and suggestion turns at impingement upon crustal dynamism in needed direction sense of inmate, his emotive region, incretory vegetative activity and next physiological processes instant in organizmu. Psychotherapy have to above all make safe optimum relation basic nervous suits cortices and hough and of both signal systems in operation of all organizmu.

8) communications psychotherapy.

Start from communication theory and used to be give a name also interactive or strategic psychotherapy and loll against Californian school from fire Alto represented names C. Bateson, J. Vestibule,
J. Weakland, D. Jackson, P. Watzlawick ad. Tito psychologists grow up in 50. Years upon investigation communication to conceive so - called double bindings (oakling bind), which define communications situation, in niz client accepts from to him significant men one another incompability information. Variance rests in diskrepanaci among parol message and nonverbalni base - communication or contradictory character himself message (e.g . paradoxical statement it what will I tell you flat isn't truth). Authors consider double structure behind etiologic factor schizophrenics. Remarkable representative communications psychotherapy is Arizona hypnoterapeut M.H. Erickson. Therapeutic, resp. hypnotic trance get like historically and ontogenetic older kind brainwork, at nemz is minimized harassing activities sense of, i. e. logical schematics, cliché and stereotypes and facilitovana activity unconscious.

9) anthropological psychotherapy.

Is building question essence man, face out with problems of the human existence and his sense, with question of the human spirit, conscience, responsibility. Wooing understanding human existence. This common rating be true of otherwise different directions namely daseinsanalyzu, logo - therapy, humane psychotherapy and formative therapy.

A) Daseinsanalyza start from substantive philosophy
M. Heideggera and phenomenological method E. Husserla (against scientific rational knowledge is building so - called spiritual vision, i. e. intuition). To mastermind hereof direction belongs to Svycari
L. Binswanger and M. Big boss. Stress individuality and no reproducibility every personalities, her fate, her existence. Axoidance ranging disordered to the diagnostic caregory. Behind aim his therapy no consider conformity cultural standard companies, but impletion his existence abroad, i. e. self - knowledge, themselves - up - dating and themselves - improvement in terms of his individuality. Daseinsanalyza refuses psychotherapeutic techniques, main emphasis laies on therapeutic relation, so - called encounter between therapist and client, on ability empathy and transcendental knowledge.

B) next representative substantive psychology Viennese
neuropsychiatr v.E. Frankl (1905) grow up on the basis personal experience incarceration in concentration camp to considerations about sense life (hunger for sense) like basic psychological need. Poverty of life sense give a name substantive frustration. This can be pathogenic factor leadership to neurosis (noogenni) or to depression. Frankl features 3 caregory values: so - called creative funds constitute productions and achievements individual, i. e. what gives world, how bestead. Zazitkove funds constitute it, what man from world accepts (piece of knowledge, sensuous, aesthetic and emotive experiences etc .). Postural funds go out of what how man is building to suffering and to deaths. Put on of meaning near people in boundary situations (e.g . incurable), minus possibility realize creative and zazitkove funds.
I suffering is able to purport, do man superior. Its therapeutic progress give a name Frankl logo - therapy – faces ill to search sense life, to laying questions (what had in mine life sense, that would yet could purport, what can I yet from life expect) and altruistic orientation.

C) humane psychology – presents third force in
psychologythat the about to be counterbalance how psychology deep mine, so behavioural psychology (behavioralni). Try understand inner experiences individual and learn him, to was alone capable his identified experiences control so state also sturdy in the face of any handling extraneous. Master representative hereof direction was a.H. Maslow, next Ch. Buhlerova, J. Bugental, S. Jourard and also C. Rogers. Consider human being behind creative, at to what do attribute) basic determinative of the human act are funds and intentionality. Stresses price of each of some and underscore importance development his silent ability. Psychotherapy survey on reinforcing people in their spiritual growth and in realization personal mental potential. Next therapeutic method humane psychology personal are so - called insider meeting (encounter groups), when associated activities have evolve interpersonal passibility, ability get intimacy and parol and nonverbal locution personal sensations.

D) formative therapy (Gestalt Therapie) is once from branchs
flow humane psychology intent on high - powered get present. Fecit she Frederick pearl. Assume, that the problems people rise from insufficient awakening sensations so in therapy survey upon this region come to realize client. Laies emphasis on independent responsibility inmate behind personal cogitations, emotion and record. Significant conception formative therapy are unfinished arrangementsthat the relate to pasts and include unstated feelings passion, sorrow, disillusion, fear or blame. Inmate is mine finish by, that the is zpritomni and viva voce or nonverbal upstaging with the help of therapist or insider.

10. Transaction analysis.

Creator and representative method is Californian psychiatrist Eric Berne (1910 1970). Distinguishes 3 construction sequence cases I, referred to as childlike, adult and parent. Child reproduces emotive behaviour and get younger child, adult presents manifestations independent critical reason based on personal experience. Parent is remainder bans, orders, stereotypes and prejudices second - hand in childhood from schoolmasters. Construction sequence cases I have of principle influence over character communication, so - called operation abroad. Source conflicts are so - called decussate operation, when e.g . one person turns to second like adult to adult and partner her matches reproachful tone like parent child. Continuity hidden operation with communications baits and guiles give a name Berne plaies. Play be basically scanty handling, stereotyped communications bad habit (e.g . personthat the is in demand about some kindness, undeniable directly, but presently piquing conflict, to she could have knock off and refuse). Play stunting development open intimate and safe human relations thereby and saturation basic psychological needs, whereby affect aplomb. Base therapy is analysis plaies. Berne faces ill to acquirements identify play guiles and to waive defective life scenarios. Practises with him adult response and authentic operation.

11. Transpersonalni psychology.

Leading figure those schools is Stanislav Grof, psychiatrist Czech origin living in America. Study extraordinary state of consciousness in intoxication hallucinogens, especially LSD, him led to resolution tri level experience. On Psycho - dynamic level intoxicate individual computerize and again - get experiences from personal childhood, inclusive recourse behaviour, changes sensation fleshy diagram etc . On perinatalni level intoxicate computerize and gets moments from intrauterine life and personal childbirth. After ban therapeutic application LSD fecit Grof with wife progress to call extraordinary state of consciousness by the help of hyperxentilation, music and bodily activities, give a name them holotropni therapy. Transpersonalni experience leads to significant and reputedly lasting therapeutically desirable changes hierarchy values, postures and get inmate. Has near effects today stylish from - new or transcendentalni meditation.

12. Behaviour therapy.

Tag therapy is derived from English words behaviour labelling behaviour. Direction draws above all from psychological learning theory. Is practical application piece of knowledge experimental alienism and studies influence teaching on bebehavioral disturbance. His priority is deprecation gamble and emphasis on detachedly observable and experimentally registrable iterrelations between stimuli and responses. Behaviour therapy (BT) coming - out historically from piece of knowledge classical Watsonova behaviourism and has also relation to washing Russian physiologist Pavlova and Bechtereva. Present - day behaviour therapy draws from four theoretic sources. These are:
and) theory classical condition
b) Skinnerova theory positive and negative strengthening and Mowreruv two - factor mock - up expositive rise response fear and axoidance
c) Bandurova theory social teaching (selfefficacy and so - called wild - card teaching)
d) Premackuv principle high probability behaviour (at stripping symptoms stress strengthening desirable behaviour rather than repression undesirable)

The keynote behavioralniho access is presumption, that the bebehavioral disturbance different type are in his essence affected responses. In itself then have to drive experimentally ascertained law teaching and be liable to hence principles precvicovani and unlearn. To cure neuroses unswayed change in thinking, but direct change in behaviour. In contradistinction to humane psychotherapy is here rapid - fire emphasis on techniques. Contemporary leading figure BT are English psychologist German origin H.J. Eysenck and American psychiatrist indigenous to South Africa J. Wolpe. Sometimes BT connect with piece of knowledge so - called cognitive therapythat the in part start from so - called rational emotive therapy a. Ellise. Ellis tries, that the central problem man is his surd thinking incumbent in rigid and mistaken sensation and assessment of the situation. This it is possible change, will teach- if individual maximize his rational thinking and minimize thinking surd. Ellis he will have it, that the psychotherapy is able to be effective only at that time, will succeed- if change thinking and life philosophy inmate. Cognitive therapy get past supplement BT. Both avenues of approach in the process state integral part of one's therapeutic direction – so - called cognitive- behaviour therapy (further KBT). KBT disuse introspection nor by other deep mine progress. Collects on appearances, evaluates their intensity and frequence. Stresses rational tag problems ill, analyses his behaviour and termsthat the him forgo or him guide, searches modificative factors etc . Therapist establishes and exactly and intelligible formulates concrete purposes and making, but also contingent losses arising from problem solving. Base is definition number one problem inmate in terms detachedly observable and registrable behaviour. Significant is also request active and systematic participation ill on single therapeutic stepsthat the alone client checks and gains so backward structure about course treatment and motivation to her. Designating region KBT are above all neurotic disturbances, depressive construction sequence cases, eating disorders and dependencies on addictive materials. Extraordinary effects notching KBT at treatment sexual disorders. Principles KBT be abreast of success exploited also at training social skill at upbringing managers, sportsmans and sales executive. Assert oneself also at training assertive behaviour.


B) method psychotherapy.

Method psychotherapy (PS) divide after principles, from which go out and after effective factors, whereupon build, on:

rational, suggestive, empathic, abreaktivni, bullpen, depth psychological and interpersonal.

1) rational psychotherapy (RPS)

Work round to logical thinking inmate, try function on his reason, discernment, criticism. To her forms do arithmetics:

and) bottoms up-plication or klarifikace: interpretation and illumination essence disorder, causes his rise, connection psychosomatic and interpretation basics mental hygiene
b) persuaze: to interpretation incorporates conviction
c) re - - orientation: pursuit of achievement changes pacientovych opinions and postures in the area his life sight and life values
d) psychagogika: more complex lead, teaching and regimentation inmate

Presumption work psychotherapeutic with inmate is thorough knowledge his anamneses, because then therapist is able to in interpretation refer to on inmate concrete experiences and experience. Direct bottoms up-plication is building before inmate connection either in common form or on his concrete case and leave about him, to things think out. Persuaze is progress espressivo directive. Therapist develops planwise activity at that direction, to inmate his findings accept. Next forms plug more to logical thinking and emotivity; psychagogika derive benefit from and elements teaching common psychotherapy and upbringing. Method rational psychotherapy used in the adjuvantni psychotherapy virtually all psychotherapeutic, get past preparing for some special technologies (autogenic training, hypnotism, abreakce).
Two conceptionthat the nonmilitarization RPS only like method, but base on her whole his using PS, are rational emotive therapy (RET) a. Ellise and cognitive therapy (KT) a. Becka.

Ellis in 50. years fecit RETthat the stress influence conviction and opinions in rise and treatment neurotic response and neurotic behaviour. Definite outer instigation A (activating event) evokes highly emotionally well - lined consequence C (consequence), then is his cause. Really are however emotive incidence to a great extent incurred system opinions and conviction individualthat the Ellis labels like B (belief system). Ellisovo diagram A- B- C inhere specific form behavioralniho diagram
S Oregon, whereof O (organizmus, personality) presents set intercessional uncertain, incorporated among instigation and response and together - major, of what response instigation evokes. Ellis of these uncertain pick out thinking (rational or surd views), who ascribes decisive bearing on adequate or inadequate emotive response. Foremost task therapy according to Ellise is assist in inmate remove his fantastical views.
Cognitive therapy (KT) a. Becka (1976) has essentially the same way out: behind emotive disturbances matches above all fraudulent misrepresentation thinking. Therapist teachs inmate discriminate between thinking rational and surd, among objective reality and subjective evaluation. So e.g . depressive inmate thinks negatively about himself, about his surroundings and about his futures. This fraudulent misrepresentation pessimistic thinking works his mood, motivation, productivity and his relation to second and leads to mental and physical symptoms typical for depression. Beck give a name these negative cogitations automatic thoughts, because inmate selves offer. Therapist teachs inmate cognize automatic recall cogitations, label is, subject is critique and build against them cogitations objectively correctthat the entrap and positive pages life.

2) suggestive and hypnotic psychotherapy (SPS, HPS)

Derive benefit from therapist authorities and overwhelmingly endermic statement intent on ablation difficulty or on achievement desirable postures and behaviour and does not affect reasoning inmate. Her operation depend upon sugestibilite inmate. Is able to do wide awake or inducing hypnotism. Hypnotism is temporarily changed mental condition characterized:

and) increasing suggestible
b) relation dependencies hypnotize on hypnotist
c) changed state of consciousness.

According to depths hypnotism talk of:

• 1.step – somnolence (perhaps 30 %)
• 2.step – hypotaxia (50 %)
• 3.step – somnambulizmus (15 %), whereas behind quite nehypnabilni considers 5 % people

Hypnotism employs to severe suggestive interference difficulty, which essentially action progress one - shot – sudden, dramatic and slow progress set hypnotic session.
Main usage hypnotism in psychotherapy it depends on so - called post - hypnotic suggestion, which is suggestion engaged in hypnotism and her effect intervene in period having finished hypnotism. In hypnotism it is possible order and suggestion so - called post - hypnotic amnezie on definite matters former or on matters in hypnotism. Medical suggestion create after symptomsthat the try influence. Try- if remove unfit habits, we can with them join resistance (e.g . call out nauzeu or cough in relation to gin and with smoking cigarettes) or indifference or try hypnotic suggestion nurse motivation to overcoming habit (e.g . sobriety advantage). At obesity we can suggest decrease taste to food, slow way are you going and easy saturation groceries dietary bill of fare. At stammer, jerk, grafospazmu and functional paralytic dementia we can set not only post - hypnotic suggestion, but do and in himself hypnotism training appropriate function, facilitated hypnotic suggestions. At phobia leave about inmate hallucinate appropriate situation with odsugerovanim fear and tension. At sleeplessness we can try join by the help of suggestion perfect vacation and fall asleep with minute before - temporal ritual. At enuresis suggest timely awakening with departure on toilet. At neurotic depressions suggest sthenic life bearings and at multiple centromere and neurotic difficulties gradual general amelioration health.

3) empathic and abreaktivni psychotherapy (EPS, APS)

Empathic PS makes it possible to inmate, to openly amplify about himself, ventilate his problems and look into contradictory and positive pages his personalities so nesting alone more profess, more accept and could becomingly separately tell.
Abreaktivni PS specially survey on high - powered formulation and exteriorization negative emotion, especially of those, whose exteriorization was in former times locked and which consequently stayed subdueds or no run-down.

Principle abreaction in ordinary form ventilation exerts in a row common talks inmate with therapist. In restricted data atmosphere in the presence of therapist harking with understanding row inmates suit of theirs last and contemporary heaviness and will feel then relief, neither them therapist anything interpret, recommended or prescribed.
In a row cases however only that manner to effective abreaction substantial shock come short of and is necessary use special abreaktivnich engineerthat the purposely somnifacient state, whereof is inmate to abreakci especially manage (e.g . stimulate emotivity and productivity and decrease preventions and limitation self - control); hypnotic abreakce, psychopharmacological abreakce – narkoanalyza, interview behind using psychostimulancii.

4) bullpen psychotherapy (TPS)

Includes method making use planned systematic exercising with gradual by increasing the necessities. Them inmate diseased symptoms unlearning or on the contrary practises behaviour desirable and correct. Cardinal importance TPS it is possible see in those symptomsthat the inhere bad habit, affected maladaptivnim behaviour. Among most widely used and most considerable routes belongs to: positive training, training themselves - enforcement, obverse therapy, negative training and method surfeit, relaxation training, systematic desensitization and same to you.

and) positive training is simplest, but considerably effective progress. Employs familiarly near phobia and mania, when e.g . inmate step by step exhibits situationthat the be afraid, namely under circumstances first kindliness and step by step always more difficult than English so, as far as on them will adapt to and learn in them inch free from fear. Substantial exercise plaies training and at speech generator neurosis (balbuties) and at different the - duvet - covers (near stammer e.g . exercises speech in a whisper, at reading stall initially critical sound or read only vowels let-in note, practises correct breathing and talking, step by step walk up and down to tale content read to spontaneous talk and so on). Positive training got his important seat on therapy couples with functional sexual disorders (progress Masterse and Johnsonove). Breadth distributive training intent on reduction some poverty of in personalities is training self - control. At jakemkoliv positive training it is important positive strengthening desirable response.

b) training themselves - enforcement wooing achievement acquirements mean directly, honestly and seemly personal views, needs and feelings without rights abuse second people. Makes it possible to tie together social connection and at the same time in him becomingly assert one's rights and refuse unjustified claims. In terms of training themselves - assertion inmate teachs:
1) openly mean own feelings
2) tie together talk
3) speak more in public
4) ask for kindness
5) promote justified claim
6) thoroughly refuse it, what not wish

Way out training is interpretation discrepancy between excessive ustupnosti, adequate themselves - enforcement and needless rampancy.

c) obverse therapy rest in in jointing undesirable activities
with unpleasant instigation, e.g . with elaboration vomitive reflex with electric slight injury or with seat power control

Organization and forms psychiatric care

Organization and forms psychiatric care

Development coming psychiatric care along 20. century it is possible characterize subsequently:

and) Behind time Kraepelina 70% ill received to the constitution for insane was destined to spend there lifetime (damage).

b) 30. age – professional. Querido in Amsterdam – Half Way gosling shift psychiatric services what closest to the ill (Dusek)

c) 60. age - professional. Sivadon – project Evrard – decrease perspectively permanent hospitalized on 5% of all received inmates.

d) R. 1971 – Basaglia in Italy (Triest) builds open underprivileged community – movement by both directions (from hospital out and outside in) - lame.

e) 70. age in Vienna – Gabriel and next: step by step succeed in reduce number beds in large psychiatric institutions at preservation of the number of medical personnel (e.g . Vienna – Baumgartner Hoehe from 2.500 on 1.000 during 10 years, behind contemporary construction specialty arrangement: detoxification, Karlsburg, gerontodomy, net extramuralnich services, acute bed in universal hospitals etc ..).

f) In USA e.g . fell number beds in psychiatric arrangements, so that in r. 1995 got on level r. 1900.

g) At our place happens to adjustment psychiatric care in 90. years in terms of gradual dispraise beds in medical institution e.g . Prague Bohnice from 1.750 on 1.400 at preservation middle health personnel and increase number doctors. Opening centre critical intervention, endowment that the interlocks underprivileged community and snug living and so on




Moravian instance: PL Kromeriz from 1.800 beds in r. 1990 step by step on 1.200 beds at increasing how of the number of SZP so and doctors and psychologists (from 600 on 700).





Basic articles specialty psychiatric care

1. Stationary care and) entire
b) partial

2. Ambulatory care and) outpatient psychiatry clinic
b) social psychiatric services
3. Complementary care
and) Daily centre and night sanatoria
b) Sheltered workshops, study bullpen centre, protected seats in companies
c) Snug living
d) Socioterapeuticke clubs
e) Co - operative insider ill and their related


Applicability system psychiatric care is given reservation treatment, rehabilitation and attendance how medical so and social near acute, unexpired cost and chronic mental disorders.


Ad. 1

Over benefits ambulatory treatment above hospitalization is yet up to the present day psychiatric hospitalization behind optimum conditions that cannon be thought apart from. Long - term aim is ferry big current psychiatric medical institution with institutional conception psychiatric hospitalization and complementary care to the nurse arrangement integrated to the appropriate areas, event. cities.
Considering well constructed ambulatory, complementary and in part stationary care is WHO indicated output bedrock number psychiatric bed 0,5 on 1.000 inhabitant. Today's reality and at well constructed system care, e.g . in Austria be lying around 0,7 psych. beds on 1.000 inhabitant.
In our rates interlock sick - bed care above all psychiatric medical institution (88%). In 20 medical institution is 10.096 beds (datum from r. 1994). Further are psychiatric detachment universal hospitals (inclusive psychiatric clinician) with 1.438 beds on 25 detachments (datum from r. 1994). Reality is such, that the during 1 year is hospitalized in psychiatric sick - bed arrangements 40 – 50 thousand persons, from that more than half repeatedly.






Ad. 2

and) Psychiatric ambulatory care would had proceed in what perhaps biggest breadth, with regard to placing, because nature most mental disorders requires, to wasn't interrupted daily customs inmate - Ova life en famille, occupation and his social surroundings. Till this time be often ascertained, that the often have to inmate be hospitalized only therefore, that the is till this time little ambulatory arrangement. To the system ambulatory care do arithmetics how psychiatrists in independent ambulances, so ambulance at psychiatric odd. hospital, clinic or medical institution.
Supposed need: 1 psychiatrist on 20 yew. inhabitant.

b) Social psychiatric service costs to the extent ambulance service. To chronically mentally ill or handicapped (cephalonia), then significant group from general psychiatric care coming psychiatrist, prohibitive sufficient promotive help.
Spectrum treatment social psychiatric service disordered, disabled that the they need after stationary stay next medical procuration in conception biopsychosocialniho setting, open out from pre – and posthospitalizacni care, ambulatory activities, critical intervention, as far as after work with related inmates and next social rehabilitative procuration.


Ad. 3

Partial hospitalization:

In principle is daily clinic built - in like connecting link between ambulatory care and hospitalization, which offers definite benefits against current stationary treatment:

• Patients keep bigger part autarchy and social contacts
• Is necessitated their own initiative

To the daily clinic can be received:

• Acutely ill by all the sorts mental disorders that the don't need full hospitalization
• Patients after medical stay in psychiatric arrangement,
near nichz would meanwhile ambulatory care fall short

Like organizationally best showed form so - called bound daily clinic that the is administratively associated to psychiatric clinic or detachment and at the same time exercises in personal premises.

Daily and night sanatoria:

Significant moment these arrangement is holding ill in original environment, significant is possibility work herewith environment – structure therapeutic time programme, that should have been for inmate contribution and interesting in so far, to to the daily or night sanatoria regularly return.This bypass roads among stay in psychiatric install oneself independent movement in common life it is important for that kind inmates, near nichz all - day stay in psychiatric arrangement isn't for various reasons possible or near psychotic inmates, near nichz stationary care isn't necessary.

Sheltered workshops, study bullpen centre, protected seats:

Common purpose visitors these arrangement is learn inmates regularity in attendance, working habits, regular contact with alike disabled thereby restraint always augmentative and deepening social isolation. Does here systematic training specialty skill with the aim of return to procedure. Last but not least is imposition and escalation self - respect inmates, escalation confidence in personal possibility thereby and escalation personal self - importance. Like objective group inmates see above all men unfaulted schizophrenic circle only rarely as well as more difficult neuroses and disturbances personalities. To the leaching criteria do arithmetics men dependent, Psycho - organic syndromes, cephalonia and heavy anethopathy.

Imposition snug workshops and study bullpen centres in common sense is:

and) again - enlistment inmate to the working life (occupation) and to the normal common life

b) illumination, to what extent is such return possible and purposeful

c) realist plans and perspective coping life, contribution to increasing quality of life chronically disordered

Among special office do arithmetics:

and) in procedure mastered fundamental prerequisite (e.g . tenacity, accuracy, concentration) in corresponding and managed workshops
b) coping social and for life practical situation with the help of socioterapeutu and psychotherapeutic

Image snug workshops is gradual, tzn. as though patients by kind his disturbances and well - kept capacity of work can be registered to the shopfloor, where's regime looser, exigencies on their efficiency lower and stopping time shorter than full time (it e.g . in the first year rehabilitative of the process).

Patients that the are less cursed with and have more well - kept capacity of work, can be registered to the shopfloor that the has already regime strap and longer stopping time (7 o'clock every day).
Best of those that the skirt snug workshops, they may count enlistment to the so - called study bullpen centre, where take into account year as far as year and a half present training, where already directly prepare to achievement definite occupation (8 o'clock every day). Here after one month's trial period that the be instrumental towards elaboration particular aims and acknowledges fitness inmate to training, roughly count 6- moon stay that the already gives participant possibility direct training in a certain activities. In surplus time then is given already independent job, to evidence progress in his social conformity contingent real service conditions.

Snug living, housing underprivileged community:

These forms interlock living to those inmates that the already have - not personal family or she nor unavoidable, or have - not self-contained home or cannot manage independent living. Again discusses various steps these arrangement with step by step waning measure assist in through social, event. medical workers.

Socioterapeuticke clubs:

Make possible inmates regular contact in the same way disabled inmates in informal environment with possibility usage of free time, common visitors sports and cultural action, common trips and social usage at all, whereby notably administer to to increasing their sociability, decrease social isolation thereby of course to increasing quality of life these disordered.

Co - operative insider ill and their related:

Smoothing - out common problems, support cohesion alike disabled, deal with cooperation with families inmates, with medical structures that the browse. Further they may participate also organization postgraduate courses in questions treatment, rehabilitation, re - - socialization disordered.




Standard specialty psychiatric care



Kind care
Limit on obyv. Survey ochre. Olomouc

Standard Skutec. 98

Stacionár.léèení
0,5 luz.//1000 obyv.
120
715

Daily clinic
1 place/7000 obyv.
33
15

Chr. living I
poling. supervision
1 place/4000 obyv.
56
4

Chr. living II
entire supervision
1 place/7500 obyv.
31
0

Chran. shopfloor
1 place/3500 obyv.
68
20

Long - term
rehabilitation
1 place/4100 obyv.
56
0

Centre for
sanity
1 period for 60
as far as 100 yew. obyv.
2,2
1

Ambulatory
psychiatrist
1 on 20.000 obyv.
11,25
14



Summary external and our experience ripen to close, that the future development in the area psychiatric care unswayed to disturbance psychiatric medical institution, but to restraint of the number of beds contemporary construction complementary services namely in proximity domicile psychiatric inmates. Further leads to developing ambulance special and practical doctors. Presumption positive general drift is entire change in thinking medics in terms of holistic medicine and team cooperation in medical of the process.

Modern alienism = alienism integrativni.
Occurrence mental disorders in population:

1) According to WHO in Europe heavy mental disorder 7%
venial mental disorder 20- 30%

2) 1x behind life flip - flops on psychiatrist every 4. man

3) In CSFR (1990) - 1/3 population either mental disorder suffers or
is less sturdy and unstable (then in danger d.p.)

4) elimination yourself at our place diminishes from r. 1970
In 60. years – CSSR in Europe on 3. place
88 – 89... – – CSFR on 10. – – 12. Place

5) Every 10. man is along his life subject
danger more difficult mental shock, conflict.




II. part 2. lecture

First aid (I.), , pressing construction sequence cases in alienism (II.), , Suicidalita (III.)

This section alienism deal with by all the diagnostic and therapeutic routes solving psychopathological processes (construction sequence cases), which on the instant or virtually be connected with jeopardy life disabled individual.
Decisive moment is here fast estimation weightings situation, resolution kind intervention, (whether medial science research or eventually Psycho - social) and her flexible expense fulfilment on optimal place.

To mastered acute states in alienism testify next policy:

and) Loiter away and testify calm and survey.

b) Take into account general situation disabled and take more to solving and involved men of his surroundings.

c) Is if certainty in diagnostic enlistment acute state, then use specific intervention.

d) Always investigate with jeopardy suicidem (S) and his relevance.

e) Near incursive or potencionalne incursive no underestimate possible to jeopardy medic (therapist).
f) Stress disabled, that the his case isn't rare, that the similar smoothing - out often (familiarly).

g) Sensitively opt for and send round to hospitalization.

Every 10. man be in each of member land WHO subject danger heavy mental shock, conflict that the is able to unreel in mental disorder or end in suicidal or other unusual act (rage). Such unfavourable development is able to hamper timely diagnosis mental malfunctioning grant instantaneous qualified assist in.
In our conditions smoothing - out these situation and issues in health field next arrangement:

1. Medical first aid station (LSPP), medical attendance practical doctor, specialist no psychiatrists.

2. Psychiatric ambulance, event. psychological consulting room.

3. Station phone psychiatric assist in (hot line – LD) and centre critical intervention.

A) Station phone assist in – hot line and trust that the establish from r. 1964 (psychiatric clinic Prague – MUDr. Plzak, 1965 – psychiatric clinic Brno – professional. Hadlik etc ..) and presently is them in uninterrupted running after 24 o'clock in CR over 20, in partial running more than 30. Work in them for - skill panel – psychiatrists, psychologists, caseworker and their basic imposition is contact client and in a way lead talk alleviate anxieties calling, achievement retirement his negative affects, judgment weightings calling and proposition next progress. Z detailed analyses talks behind 30 years tingle lines trust follow on, that the is coming how first psychiatric help, so and help social- health (problems interpersonal relations), , 10% talks concerned serious misconduct problems, when calling were in danger suicide.

B) Critical centre: exist at our place from r. 1989 (Psychiat. clinic Brno – professional. Plum, finally asylum Bohnice, psychiatric clinic Prague, in r. 1991 RIAPS – regional institute ambulatory Psycho - social services – Prague, in r. 1995 psychiatric clinic Olomouc – professional. Boucek). E.g . tingle centre has 10 beds, help provides how form ambulatory, so and short - term hospitalization (projection. 5,2 of the day). Within a year will visit arrangement at average 1.000 citizens, from nichz 1/3 is hospitalized. 60% clients is coming without recommendation, 40% advise practical physicians, ambulatory psychiatrists or line trust. This arrangement has its stand-by cost seat on system acute psychiatric- psychological and social assist in clients in crisis.

4. Period psychiatric intensive care and reception sick - bed
psychiatric detachment.


I. First help in alienism

First aid is necessitated often in a place of, where get to rise mental disturbances or undesirable health.Summon doctor must consider not only manifestation disabled, but also social situation (terms disabled to his nearest surroundings and iterrelations between involved persons) and decide, whether is intervention fit. Doctor here presents first special authority, before niz costs all catechism.

Is concerned psychotic?

Will conversation with disabled at preservation psychological access sufficient or it is necessary ordain Psycho - pharmacodynamic?

Which Psycho - pharmacodynamic and in what tax?

Requires if state treatment, be sufficient ambulatory psychiatrist or is necessary hospitalization?

Here first decision doctor be often crucial to whole next fate disabled!

Hits and intervention near disabled already in early period have no doubt preventative character, because not only obstruct and hold under development personal mental disturbances, but obstruct and consequences postneuritic crisis in wider surroundings disabled.


II. Pressing construction sequence cases in alienism

1. Construction sequence cases psychomotor fever (discomposure)
and) near organic causes
b) near schizophrenia, affectionate disorders and adjustment disorders:

• katatonni complex
• manilla complex
• depressive complex with agitovanosti

2. Construction sequence cases pair with disorder sense of

3. Paranoidne hallucinatory sy

4. Depressive sy, anguished and panicked state

5. Acute construction sequence cases at alcoholic or dope dependencies

6. Acute construction sequence cases due using Psycho - pharmacodynamic

7. elimination yourself

Ad. 1a) Erethism with organic cause

These they may conduct near every intoxication, eventually near organic cerebral disorder (especially disorders vascular near Psycho - geriatric inmates).
Therapeutically advises hand to butyrophenones, e.g . Haloperidol (5 mg and.m. or and.in.), even if can expect undesirable cardio - vascular effects. Near epilepsy without status epilate. Valium 20- 30 mg. i.v. faces to improvement. At status epilate. Advises phenyl - hydantoin infusion 250- 500 mg. Is if anamnestic some, that the erethism arose on the basis toxic influences (alcohol, sedation, hypnotics, psychoactive matters), have - not serve suppressor preparations like klomethiazol, levomepromazin or valium!
Contrary to that testify version butyrophenones like Haloperidolu, event. zuclopenthixol (Cisordinol ac.).
At intoxication needle with halucinosou (Horrortrip) serve valium (20 30 mg and.in.).

Repetition taxs – Haloperidol to the 50 mg/day, levomepromazin to the 300 mg/day, zuclopenthixol 50- 100 mg/day, valium to the 60 mg/day, Klomethiazol to the 10 mg/day. Near geriatric inmates is dosage lower.

Ad. 1b) Near schizophrenic states impassionedness are patients high unquiet (tight) and highly peevishs (incursive). Can be incurred disorders sensation with hallucinations, paralogickym thinking with delusions, deep disintegration personalities, autism, flatted emotivity and katatonnimi disorders.

Pacification discomposure does neurolipomatosis, basalnimi or incizivnimi, event. their combination (chlorpromazine, chlorprothixen, levomepromazin, haloperidol, zuclopenthixol) and superadd tranquillizers (klorazepat, lorazepam).

Katatonni complex except discomposure, rage and nepodrobivosti is able to disply manifest and stupor (with taciturnity and immovableness – catatonia), flexibility cerea (super - structure limbs), deprecation fare and liquids. Therefore is then important careful physical and work - up, modification exsiccation, inner environment and application benzodiazepinu with short by the instrumentality of (klonazepam, alprazolam, midazolam), neurolipomatosis (haloperidol, droperidol, triperidol).

Ad. 2b) Acute manilla complex displaies highly stilted, sometimes peevish mood, psychomotor discomposure, increased self - importance, megalomania delusions, logorheou with large stream thoughts and ideas, excess sexual, voyager, purchase aj., sleeplessness. Since is missing opinion disturbances, have to be racked individual under pressure hospitalized. Farmakologicky antipsychotics – haloperidol, levomepromazin, stools and lithium or valproat.

Ad. 3b) Near acutely depressive state gets off depressed mood with agitovanosti, anxiety, themselves - incrimination and autoakuzacnimi delusions involved in desperation as far as suicidalnimi thoughts. Treatment is combination, F and PS. Recommendeds higher dues tranquillizers with antidepressive effects – alprazolam, bromazepam, clorazepam, basal N – CLPT, levomepromazin, finally carry the hod AD clomipramin (citalopram with it, that the take into account entrance effect behind 10- 14 dni - infusion).

Erethism at mental overfreight, adjustment disorders can be connected with incursive or asocial behaviour – smoothing - out psychotherapeutic (behind pharmacological supports) benzodiazepiny (valium, oxazepam, bromazepam).

2. Construction sequence cases pair with disorder sense of

Disturbances sense of be part of master symptoms acutely organic contingent disorders, whereas conduct various steps quantitative disorders sense of like possession, somnolence, sopor and coma. In alienism qualitative disturbances sense of find near delirious complex, near organic amnestic complex and near swooning states.
Causes delirious states can be partly toxic (alcohol, pharmaceuticals, needle), partly heavy physical diseases or traumatogenic construction sequence cases (after operations, infections, injuries lbi and brain, at disorders material exchanges, blood - vessel and presbycardia. Advises haloperidol, Mel - platform (f. about. Buronil), , Tiaprid (f. about. Tiapridal) and. m.
Near organic amnestic state occur disorientation and disturbances vstipivosti. These appearances are most frequent near antique with blood - vessel cerebral, degenerative disorders or chronic toxic infliction of brain.
Always it is necessary internisticke freeze physical state, from Psycho - pharmacodynamic is advise Haloperidol, Tiaprid.

Swooning construction sequence cases are mostly near epileptical illness without seizure states (fine print mal- status). Directed valium
10- 20 mg i.v. or Clorazepam 2- 4 mg i.v.
Near attack. states (status psychomotor) advise phenytoiny.

3. Paranoidne hallucinatory complex

In terms of SCH disorders is able to make for acute emergency situation paranoid hallucinatory complex, at nemz conduct delusions vexation, interaction stranger, depersonalization and disturbances get self. Disabled is able to be under their owing to dangerous how to himself, so and surroundings.
Advise antipsychotics, no cotradict delusions!
(haloperidol, olanzapin, risperdal, quetiapin)

4. Depressive anguished construction sequence cases

Depression and anxiety can be contingents how specific mental disorders (depressive episodes, recurrent depression or anxiety), so and organic illness or responses situation.
Organic causes for depressive and anguished syndromes they may be fixed in all sorts of physical disorders (endocrinous, infectious). Farmakogenne can be depression developed antihypertensive agent, corticosteroid drugs, but also in terms of treatment neurolipomatosis. Organic cause finds near seizure disorder at degenerative cerebral illness or dependences. Near these organic contingent states costs to the fore ablation harmful substances and endeictic treatment.

Near depressive disorders in pressing alienism distinguishes essentially among attenuator and curious- canvassed form that the is able to flow into until so - called melancholy salt - spring, when often threatens suicidum. Especially at the beginning and at the end depressive phase used to be enhanced risk suicide. Near canvassed depressive symptomatology advises suppressor antidepressant drug (e.g . amitriptylin) or antipsychotics (levomepromazin).

Situation reactive symptomatology like reaction to higher load or in terms of disturbances conformity contradistinguishs from sorrow intensity and longitude continuation depressive symptoms. In psychiatric emergency situation advises psychotherapeutic lead and processing event. suicidalniho behaviour. Only seldom serve tranquilizers.

Near states phobia and panicked in terms of anguished disorders used to be psychiatrist mostly summoned internist after it, what was outcast organic cause. Patients complain on palpitation heart, giddiness, feelings on fainting and creeps. To acute treatment panicked pelt with is mostly mere present doctor and his some style decisive. In prescription tranquillizers advises definite reserve namely with reference to possible development dependencies, prefers psychotherapy.
5. Acute construction sequence cases at alcoholic or dope dependencies

Near acute states developed using or abuse psychotropic materials gets off usually considerable anxiety and fever. Therapeutic procuration governs eater material (drug), her quantity and time last enjoyment. Often walks at the same time about politoxikomanii.

A) Alcohol

Alcohol is able to implicate at one - shot enjoyment alcoholic intoxication, at long - term then alcoholic psychosis and at sudden break - in syndrome abstinence.
In light acute intoxication is advise strong black coffee. Near more difficult intoxication applies caffeine and nootropika (piracetam, centrofenoxin, pyritinol). Aggressiveness solve mechanical limitation, at big discomposure advises haloperidol.

Near alcoholic psychosis – Korsakovovy and Wernickeovy encephalopathy advise thiamine 100 mg at least 10x, high tax nootropik and endeictic treatment.
Syndrome abstinence after amputation alcohol occur
near 10- 15 % chronic drinkers at sudden bunk - up or vehement decrease alcohol. Includes characteristic appearances like coarse shake, nauzea and vomit, cefalgie, general weakness, anxiety, sleeplessness, vegetative appearances (sweat, tachycardia, hypersphyxia), iluse or hallucination, sometimes preliminary epileptical paroxysmus type high roller mal.
Stepped up syndrome abstinence proceeds soused delirium – give a name him jumps. Acts about grave condition imperilling life (5 10 % mortality). Advises verification vigorous function, aneurine, irrigatation, endeictic internal treatment (beta blockers, antibiotics, antipyretics), nootropika in high taxs (piracetam 200- 400 mg), further either benzodiazepiny p.about., oxazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam after 2- 4 o'clock, klorazepat and.m. or klomethizol (f.o . Heminevrin) in ration 3000- 12000 mg in caps event. in infusion 0,8 % solution behind severe verification health personnel (keeps light somnolence!). Treatment klomethiazolem hasn't exceed 2- 3 for weeks, setting - out slow (danger habit). Z atypical neurolipomatosis is advise tiaprid in ration 1200- 1800 mg.

B1) Near acute intoxication opiates be the centre triassic: coma, inhibition breathing and eye piece sizes spencer header.
Complications can be paralysis airways, pulmonary dropsy, epileptical seizures, encephalohepetitis and failure circulation.
Intoxication opiates requires high - powered treatment reservation breathing. Specific treatment consists presented by antidota Naloxonu. At odvykaci crust ordain sedative antipsychotics, event. antidepressive or acts in terms of reduction dues by the help of Metadonu.

B2) Near kanabisove intoxication rules mostly sympatikomimeticke fever that the marks next symptomology: mydriaza, tachycardia, hypertonia, hyperthermie and hyperglycemia. It will often sees and red conjunctiva, increased nasal secretion and staphyloedema. At strong anxiety advise antianxiety drug (oxazepam, alprazolam, valium), is- if psychotic symptomatology, will hand to haloperidol. Bunk - up kanabis unswayed to no bodily manifestations.

B3) After intoxication hallucinogens like LSD, mescalin or psylocybinem walks especially near so - called Horrortripu about psychiatric emergency situation. Here turns rausovy experience relatively quickly in psychotic productive symptomologies, so that is necessary treatment Psycho - pharmacodynamic namely either benzodiazepiny or haloperidolem. Bodily appearances at untaught no conduct.

B4) Intoxication psychostimulanciemi (e.g . black beauty) is characterized row psychotic symptoms like increasing vigilance, instinct, fever, anxiety, but also optical hallucinations and delusions, but also sympatikomimetickymi elements. Therapeutically certify sitting benzodiazepiny event. version butyrophenones. Near intoxication happy dust conduct except anxiety and erethism also delirious construction sequence cases auditory and tactile hallucinations. At untaught from psychostimulancii conduct uncharacteristic anguished or depressive construction sequence cases.

B5) Intoxication hypnotics and tranquilizers proceed analogous to alcoholic, can be disturbances sense of different steps, further inhibition breath, hyperthermie, hypotony and absentio of or weakening muscular reflexs. Abstinence syndromes after intoxications hypnotics and tranquilizers they may lead as far as delirious states and relatively frequent is also occurrence paroxyzmu high roller mal event. as far as status epileptical.

B6) Volatile matters (organic solvents – toluene ad.), which encroach inhaling, they may cause disturbances sense of with delirious symptomology. Further is attendant ataxia, dysarthrie and mydriaza.


6. Acute construction sequence cases at treatment Psycho - pharmacodynamic

Over the last 45 years was mature much Psycho - pharmacodynamic that the brought great progress to the whole confection. Is but evident, that the at treatment Psycho - pharmacodynamic is able to happen and to certain emergency states in terms of:

and) adverse effect (1. neurolipomatosis, 2. antidepressive)
b) overdosage eventually intoxication
c) cure interaction
d) fenomenu from bunk - up, to abstinence phenomenon
Ad and) At treatment neurolipomatosis (basal, incizivnimi) conduct near 40- 60% treated extrapyramidal undesirable effects namely either 1) early or 2) late.

Ad a1) Belongs to here pharmacological parkinsonoid, acute dyskineze and akatizie. Near pharmacological parkinsonoidu is concerned increasing muscular tension and limitation dynamics in terms of hypokinetic- hypertonic complex. Limbs are in patch - overhang possession, masked face, quiescent shake, dysarthria, walking about small short step and lowered synkinetic. Correction consists in decrease dues antipsychotics, confusion behind atypical antipsychotics and version antiparkinsonik (biperiden p.about., f.about. Akineton
2- 8 mg/day).

Acute dyskinezy occur already in beginning treatment incisivnimi neurolipomatosis and are characterized muscular spasmophemia, especially nuchal, facial and ophthalmogyric thews (e.g . spasmodic pitching motion head, splay feet mouth, turns eyes in post, tortikolis, protruze language, sometimes as far as opistotonus. Sometimes can be disabled and beef swallow and larynx, which leads to dysphagia and dyspnoeic weight down). At first occurrence they may inmate considerably terrify. Quickly respond to antiparkinsonika.

Akatizie displaies unrest that the step by step verge into motory discomposure (get nowhere fast, passage etc.). Correction achieve best benzodiazepiny (valium) or antihistamines (prometazin).

Ad b) Belongs to here tardivni (late) dyskineze (tardivni dystonia and tardivni akatizie – very thin).

Tardivni dyskineze:
St. makes itself felt abohm choreiformnimi and atetoidnimi movements arm, through his leg, body, contorted in face, rumination, reel etc ..).
Rise after to many-moon or perennial feed neurolipomatosis and or after his sudden termination.
Treatment is uneasy, antipsychotics in what lowest tax, plant out anticholinergic pharmaceuticals, not long ago antiparkinsonika.

Among complication treatment neurolipomatosis do arithmetics blood changes (granulocytopenie, thrombocytopenie, pancytopenia – watched only near clozapinu), cardio - vascular complication, hepatic damage, increased seizure readiness, oculocutaneous complex and neuroleptic malignant complex, which is a life threatening state characterized disorder sense of, tremor, rigid muscular, hyperthermii, vegetative appearances (tachycardia, increased TK, arrhytmia, sweat) and epileptical paroxysmem.
Undergo medical treatment amantidinem, bromokriptinem and dantrolenem (1 2 mg/1 kg yoke).

Ad a2) Anticholinergic complex is able to most often reveal at treatment tricyclic antidepressive (amitriptylin, imipramin, dosulepin) or neurolipomatosis (thioridazin, clozapin, oxyprothepin). Will recognize partly after peripheral manifestations (ruddiness mucous membrane, mydriazy, tachycardia, disturbances eye accommodation, decrease sweat, hazardous road retting, clothing peristalsis, arrhytmia heart), partly central manifestations (delirious construction sequence cases, hallucination, delusions, myoklonus, choreatoidni movements).

Recommended treatment: anticholinesterazove preparations like eserine (behind lasting monitoring vigorous function), at arrhytmia lidocain (1 2 mg and.m., repeat possible after 30 mine. as far as 2 o'clock).

Serotoninovy complex is toxic state incurred feed serotonergnich medicines in high taxs or in combination with inhibitors monoaminooxidazy (MAO). Among serotonergni pharmaceuticals line SSRI antidepressive (fluoxetin f.about. Prozac, Deprex, fluvoxamin f.about. Fevarin, citalopram f.about. Seropram, paroxetin f.about. Seroxate, sertralin f.about. Zoloft), from II. generation then klomipramin f.about. Hydiphen, Anafranil ad.
Typical appearances are discomposure, fuzziness, sweat, shake, hypertensive, hyperpyrexie, salivation, diarrhoeas and so on
Endeictic treatment, discontinue a drug, nonspecific enteramin antagonist (lisurid) or beta- blockers.

Ad b) Continue to be yet mostly used tymoprofylaktikem lithium. Since is small span among tax therapeutic and toxic, traces surface 1x monthly, to precede intoxication. Further advises trace water intake and salts, increased sweat and cure interaction (diuretic, analgetic, antarthritic etc ..). Lithiova intoxication begins dysarthria muscular clonus, shake, diarrhoeas, somnolence, muscular weakness, finally is able to appear as far as coma, epileptical seizures, choreatetoidni movements, nystagmus, hyperreflexie, arrhytmia as far as cardio - vascular collapse, abohm EEG.
Treatment: interrupt feed lithium, hydration inmate, aminophylline to repair secretion lithium from organism and alkalinization urine. Near heavy intoxication diureza manitolem or urea event. hemopefuze or hemodialyza.


Ad c) To cure interactions (among Psycho - pharmacodynamic) belongs to e.g . therapy irreversibilnich inhibitors monoaminooxydazy (IMAO) and tricyclic antidepressive, further SSRI and IMAO. As well feed IMAO and enjoyment groceries with high tyramine or noradrenergnimi pharmaceuticals (psychostimulancia, anorexic, antihypertensive agent etc ..). Is able to come to so - called hypertensive crisis that the displaies sudden increasing TK, cefalgii, palpitation, sweat, mydriazou, nauzeou as far as vomitus, but also to cerebral bleeding or and cardio - vascular failure. Hand to have to nifedipin (Corinfar) in tax 10 mg.

Ad d) Pressing construction sequence cases for reasons odvykacich after bunk - up Psycho - pharmacodynamic conduct especially after longer feed benzodiazepinu. Acts about vegetative symptoms as is sweat, shake, tachycardia and irregularity blood pressure. Another time they may offer epileptical seizures and psychotic disturbances. Benzodiazepiny it is necessary prick in step by step. Idem advises near antidepressive and neurolipomatosis, when are used for a longer time, not only therefore, he should could come to height featured vegetative symptoms, even but also to fault signature, for niz were to be pharmaceuticals hard - sets (depression, psychosis).



Tab. 4: Most often advise Psycho - pharmacodynamic in pressing alienism and their indication


I. ANTIPSYCHOTICS DESIGNATING AREAS

haloperidol 5- 50 mg/day construction sequence cases discomposure near organic
levomepromazin (Tisercin)100 300 mg/d. contingent disorders
chlorpromazine (Plegomazin)100 500 mg/d. (toxic, organelle. brains.
zuclopenthixol (Cisordinol Acutard) disorder),near schizofr.,
50 100 mg/day near affect. disorders (manilla
Mel - platform (Buronil) 50 400 mg/day sy, depressive sy with agi-
tiaprid (Tiapridal) 400 1800 mg/day tovanosti), abstinence sy (near needle, alcohol),
delirious sy, organic amnestic complex


II. ANTIDEPRESSIVE

amitriptylin 100- 150 mg/day anxiosne- depressive
dosulepin (Prothiaden 150- 300 mg/d. complex
clomipramin (Anafranil 75- 225 mg/d.
citalopram (Seropram) 20 40 mg/day


III. TRANQUILIZERS

valium 10- 60 mg/day construction sequence cases anxiety at
bromazepam (Lexaurin)5 15 mg/day depressions, disorders
alprazolam (Xanax, Neurol)1,5 6 mg/d. conformity, abstain.
klorazepat (Tranxilium)15 60 mg/day complex, panicked
oxazepam 30- 90 mg/day disorders, akatizii
klonazepam (Rivotril)1 8 mg/day
- status epileptical
klomethiazol (Heminevrin)3 12 g/d jumps


IV. OTHER PHARMACODYNAMIC

biperiden (Akineton)1 8 mg/day parkinsonoid
side effects neurolipomatosis


III. Suicidalita

7. In every acute psychiatric emergency situation would had think of at the question suicide, because her danger be no fear of only near depressive disorders, but also near schizophrenic psychosis and dope dependence.

Essential characteristic suicide (S) is voluntary intention finish life and purposeful bent act leadership deathly.
Viewegh (1996) defines S: Behind suicide mark such way car - destructive act that the clearly means intention individual optionally finish personal life and purposeful endeavour elect for this purpose resources, near nichz possible suppose, that the to extinction life will lead.
Near themselves - manslaughter is missing knowledgeable intention individual optionally die. Parasuicide (SP) supposes intention individual die, but nevertheless will stay on alive.
Near parasuicidia (demonstrative S) is absently longing hereafter, but after escape individual from seemingly unsolvable situation and event. necessitate other bearings surroundings to his person.

S classify into biicke and cap:

Near biickych S coming - out motive from property (balance sheet S), near cap S from abnormal psychology (1/3 finished S be in at persons ascertained mental disorder).
S be ranked among 10 most frequent cause of death.

Estimates , that the perhaps 10- 25 % suicides at our place follow on big affective disorders. According to retrospective psychiatric autopsy however it seems, that the affective disorders be in fact against a background 70- 80 % end one's life suicides. Features , that the perhaps
15- 20 % ill with diagnosis bipolar disturbances do away with oneself, which is roughly 30x higher occurrence suicidia than in common population. Great deal of surplus suicides evidently follow on of others mental disorders. Roughly 40 % suicides at our place has intended some psychiatric diagnosis. Only near less than 4 % suicides was positively intended, that the didn't have mental disorder.

Giant. 13.6 development elimination yourself on territory CR in 20. century. Data 1900 – 1965 be merely interproximate guessingly on the basis different sources. Only statistics last 30 years makes it possible to division into man and women and comparison in time.
In CR is of late years S below 20 on 100.000 obyv. /year.


Among stand with high selimination yourself (P > 25) belongs to Scandinavia, Switzerland, SRN, Austria, Hungary, Rumania (so - called suicidalni zone) and Japan.
On the contrary in Spain, Italy and Holland is P < p =" 24" p =" 15.">